Charles on fire

Appearances, or spirituality? Charles on fire, by James Merrill, describes a conversation about the trade off between the maintaining of appearances and the pursuing of spirituality, which the discussion happened among three friends. The process of spirituality finding Is beautiful but painful, and people would rather stay with appearances. One of them, the bearded man, says, â€Å"Without your Intellectual and spiritual values, man, you are sunk. † The beard implies that this man is old enough to summary something f life.And his friends realize that he is right, they do only pay attention to the surface, the appearances. So they begin to contemplate. Then Charles appears, â€Å"brought out little tumblers finely etched† filled with wine, then lights a fire in one glass. The narrator describes the beautiful view of the fire on wine, â€Å"A blue flame, gentle, beautiful, came, went above the surface,† but rapidly â€Å"we heard the vessel crack† and  "the contents drained†. That means if you want to chase the rise of your spirit, you usually need to pay pain as the cost.And this pain is so unbearable that few people can tolerate It. That is why Charles â€Å"made two quick sweeps† to extinguish the flames and â€Å"flesh again. † The word â€Å"flesh† Implies that Charles comes back to a real person with flesh, not a virtual split. And even so, Charles still makes â€Å"a shocked, unconscious glance Into the mirror† because he cares about his appearance. Since he â€Å"finding nothing changed,† he â€Å"sank down among us,† just as the bearded man said, you are sunk. † Maybe in a few minutes, they are in â€Å"a crystal coach† which means they are in a higher level of life.However, finally they have to get out of the coach, and return to a normal person, a lower level of life. James Merrill uses many metaphors to make his readers contemplate. These metaphors are beauti ful, ingenious and most important, reasonable. It is wonderful that he can express his opinion through such a short, delicate poem. Discussion happened among three friends. The process of spirituality finding is them, the bearded man, says, â€Å"Without your intellectual and spiritual values, man, few people can tolerate it.That is why Charles â€Å"made two quick sweeps† to extinguish the flames and â€Å"flesh again. † The word â€Å"flesh† implies that Charles comes back to a real person with flesh, not a virtual spirit. And even so, Charles still makes â€Å"a shocked, unconscious glance into the mirror† because he cares about his appearance. Since he â€Å"finding nothing changed,† he â€Å"sank down among us,† Just as the bearded man said, â€Å"you are sunk. † Maybe in a few minutes, they are in â€Å"a crystal coach† which coach, and return to a normal person, a lower level of life. James Merrill uses

Creation of New Markets by Diversity

From the beginning of this world we have seen or to put it more correctly heard of God creation of this world. This demonstrates the immense power of imagination possessed by God. His imagination is unequal to anything we can think of and he has managed and maintained everything up to this day. We are all given a small amount of this God given creative power. Some of us just happened to never see pass our limitations and allow our imagination power to grow freely. Persons that have good imagination or creative ideas are needed in today†s business world of fast changing demands and supply. Business calls for managers and employees with quick minds that know how to solves problems quickly and their imagination are not limited. Being creative provides numerous benefits for companies and that the management level it should be replicated down to the levels of employees level. What precisely is creativity, one might ask? Basically it is that processes of generating new ideas. It does not matter what that idea might be once it is a bit different from what was their already it†s a creative idea. Sometimes creativity is confused with innovation, which is about planning and implementing ideas. By being creative with in companies and businesses the amount of benefits increases. Not being creative set back companies to the classic school of management, which does not produce much growth for cutting edge businesses that wish to excel. Creation of new markets by diversity is a benefit that creativity brings about. As it can be seen in 3M case on page 35 of the Management organization textbook. This small mining company 3M (Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Company) was nearly bankrupt but due to the quick reaction by management things were quickly turned around from heading down hill. Seeing that thing were failing in the mining venture they made a key decision to turn from that and focus on the mine†s output- abrasive grit. This carried them off into focusing on sandpaper and grinding wheels. These areas were also somewhat difficult. Over time the company continued to experiment with a Varity of products ideas. Many of there ideas came from its employees and customers. In this we can see that they implemented more recent schools of management theories such as behavioral, system, and contingency. Management listened to its employees and customers. Which does not happen in the classical school. New ideas helped this saved this company but most importantly of all was that willingness to accept and implement these ideas by management. With creativity skills business are able to use or see new ways of satisfying their customers needs. Managers should know that the survival and profitability of their organization are directly linked to meeting or exceeding customers needs and expectations. They satisfy customers by guaranteeing that all individual efforts and their results posses guilty. This can be demonstrated in the automotive industry. From the early ages of this automotive industry it can be seen that different ideas in creative design have lead to some of the most successful automotive companies. Toyota by using new fuel-efficient technology produces cares that run longer distances with the same amount of fuel. This attracts customers because they can use the some amount of fuel and increase mileage of their travel. Hereby we see that the ultimate goal is achieved increased revenue by the creative power of new idea and innovation in technology. Increased revenue is usually the goal of many business companies and by implementing new ideas and new and more efficient way of carrying on business organizations can move forward. In the 21st century without managers and employees who do not think that they are creative need to really â€Å"check if they still want to have jobs†. As given in the hand out there are basically 3 saying which limit persons thinking they are 1. I†m not creative. 2. I don†t know how to be creative. 3. It†s not ok to e creative around there. We need to overcome these limits and release our minds from these mental blocks. The creative powers are instilled in each of us as children but because of lack of use or prohibition of use. Some of use grow up thinking so logical (lift side brain thinking) that we need to practice to be creative. The (right side brain thinking) the creative side need to be use along side the left side to create the most fantastic results. It is the managers position to instill and encourage creativity at all levels of management. First line or operating management level will have to be more creative than that top and middle management. This is because they are the supervisor team leaders. Who over see the work of non-management people. Organizations or businesses can do a wide Varity of thing to increase creativity. The simple structured techniques like brain storming and mind mapping are good places to start. Some other methods used to access creative potentials are storytelling, dance, mask work, visualization, poetry, painting, sculpting and metaphor. It is also important to note that some methods will work will with certain organizations and others will not. Creativity as seen is an essential core requirement to the survival in the business world. More and more person and organizations are realizing this and taping into this natural skill and reaping the benefits. Therefore as student†s teachers, workers and managers we should all encourage and promote these creative powers.

Asian Tourism Comparison And Effect On Economic Growth Tourism Essay

Asian Tourism Comparison And Effect On Economic Growth Tourism Essay Tourism is one of key industry in the development of some countries in Asia. Malaysia, itself depend on tourism in its nation growth. In Asia, country like Malaysia has benefited a lot from the development of its tourism industry. The developments of tourism in Asia are differing amongst countries. Natural disaster such as air pollution, floods and earthquake will bring an effect on the tourism industry in Asia. There has been previous research regarding to tourism which study the relationship between natural disaster and tourism. In the year of 2010, hazardous flooding in Pakistan has influence its economy growth. Decision-making by tourists on travel plan is influenced by economic, technological, international or political, sociocultural and environmental factors including those directly related to environmental and natural hazards ( Mathieson and Wall, 1993). According to Sinclair and Stabler (1997), the range of goods and services encompassing tourism include natural resources a nd especially the non-price feature and the positive benefits derived from attractive environment and the negative effect of pollution. Sinclair and Stabler noted that the perceived cost of travel increases by the realization of natural disaster has effect tourism at all. The research by Campos, (1999) stated that there was relationship between tropical cyclone (natural disaster) and the income of hotels (tourism industry), meanwhile Chang (1983) found that hurricane and other natural disaster can decreases revenues to a municipality through reduce tourism revenues, although the increases assistant by Federal Government to the effect area. Comparison and effect of tourism in Asia on the development of economy can be discussed specifically by making comparison between the chosen countries. The countries included on the list of this study were Malaysia, Singapore, Brunei, Philippines, Indonesia,Thailand, Vietnam, Laos and Cambondia. 1.3.1 Malaysia The research by Mohd Hafiz Hanafiah a nd Mohd Fauzi Mohd Harun in June 2010 regarding to tourism in Malaysia show that tourism in Malaysia is the third largest industry after oil and automobiles. Malaysian economy will increase due to the increase in tourism sector. Number of tourists visits Malaysia is a major factor which influences the Malaysian economy alone. During Asian Financial Crisis 1997, number of tourists declined and reached a new record after the economic stalemate. There was another research which shows how tourists influence the growth of tourism in some countries. According to Song and Witt (2000), they described tourist products as the amount of tourism demand that the consumers are willing to acquire during a specific period of time and under certain conditions which controlled by the explanatory factors used in the demand equation. Smeral (1988) and Syriopoulos and Sinclair (1993) empirically examined the relationships between the variables underlying the determinants of tourism demand. Lim (1997), S ong and Witt (2000) and Song et al. (2003), used econometrics forecasting model to which forecasts changed as a result of changes in the variables that act as economic drivers of tourism. Loeb (1982), Nordstrom (1996), Uysal and Crompton (1982) have used the demand function approach to identify the quantitative relationships of tourism demand. Jorgensen (1996) and Muller (1999) have focus on the statistical properties of an important time series, namely on the international tourist demand.

Global Warming in Florida Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Global Warming in Florida - Essay Example Today however, the global increase in temperature is destined to affect the natural as well as the physical activities in Florida. Evidence of the global warming is apparent in the gradual immersion of the beaches to the sea caused by temperature rise and thawing of glaciers increasing ocean waters. Change in the weather is another attribute of the global warming; recent times have seen devastating hurricanes sweeping across the state leaving behind enormous loss of property and destruction of vegetation (Southern Alliance for Cleaner Energy, 2007). The average rise in sea level globally has been estimated to be 6 inches in the 20th century. By 2100 the immersion of the beaches is expected to reach 15 inches. The global warming impacts in the Florida state are evidently seen in other areas of wildlife and tourism. The Florida has been stated as a ground zero in terms of the climatic change impacts in the United States of America this statement is based on the extents and effects of g lobal warming already experienced in Florida (NRDC, 2001). On the other hand skeptics do not believe that global warming is a serious problem at all, they are attributing theses changes to effects of evolution rather than those of human activities industrialization. Let us now look at the realities of the global warming and awareness to people. Alertness of Global warming to Floridians According to a research done by the Florida Wildlife Federation and National Wildlife Federation (2006) on March to April 2006 where a group of people were interviewed at the end of the research 63% were aware of the global warming and the its effects in Florida, 27% were unaware while 10% thought otherwise, the global warming in Florida is a fact with effects on the... The state of Florida is well known for its tourism attraction due to its excellent beaches, diverse native wildlife species, variety of fish and birds. However, the evidences of the global warming are also present in Florida today. Elaborate explanation of the causes and the overall results of the global warming in Florida are discussed in the essay. Nobody can now provide any argument to belittle the effects of the global warming in Florida based on what we have found out. With confirmation of the global warming it is up to the Floridians and everybody else to take a positive step now. According to scientists the threat of the global warming can be overcome by a 40 year 2% reduction in the greenhouse emissions. The governments together with the environmentalists and the individuals have a role to play in reduction of the global temperatures. Failure to take an action will seen the nature’s anger in form of adverse climatic effects on human being and wildlife alike. Cases of s uch have been seen in form of hurricanes in Florida, El.nino rains in various parts of the world and excessive droughts in Africa. Of course Florida’s attempts to reverse the global warming would be in vain without the cooperation of the other states and countries. The researcher hopes that International policies can help to reduce the global warming, such as the Kyoto protocol. Implementation of such policies should be underway to alleviate the occurrence and the magnitude of such disaster as has been experienced in the recent past across the world.

Money & Banking Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Money & Banking - Assignment Example al interest rates do not stimulate consumers and lowering the interest rates to 0% do not translate to reduced commercial bank lending rates (Krugman 1). In this case, the demand for money remains perfectly elastic as monetary policies by the central bank fail to arrest the situation. In this situation, reducing the inflation rate too close to 0 % leads to deflation (Krugman 1). Even if the central bank maintains the nominal interest rates are zero, the eminent deflation will raise the real interest rates to significant levels. Increasing money supply in this case derives no economic effect since interest rates cannot fall further. Indeed, in a â€Å"Money Trap† situation monetary injections into the economy by the central bank do not reduce the interest rates depicting the ineffectiveness of monetary policies. A â€Å"Money Trap† situation relates to a condition where any monetary policy to reduce the interest rates during economic recession is futile and creates a recurring crisis that involves consumers, commercial banks, and the central bank. The â€Å"Money Trap† situation manifests in Europe where efforts to rescue the euro from the economic crush led to looming deflation and reduced economic growth (Krugman 1). Central banks regulate money supply by buying or selling government bonds. The buying of government bonds by the central bank reduces short-term interest rates and enhances money supply by enabling commercial banks to access additional capital that increases lending and liquidity. Quantitative easing refers to unconventional monetary policies initiated by the central bank to buy government bonds and other relevant securities with the intention of lowering interest rates and enhancing money supply in the economy (BBC 1). Quantitative easing does not entail printing more money and is only applicable when short-term interest rates are at or approaching 0 %. The US Federal Reserve initiated a $4.5tn bond-buying Programme in December 2008 to drive the

Answering questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Answering questions - Essay Example My writing experience during high school and college can only be described as fun. This is because, in many cases, even during other courses that required an essay, I would find it being so much enjoyable since I usually scoped high grades in those quizzes and assignments. Since writing is my passion, and with my studies now, I have a lot of experience in stories and poems. Since I began my college studies, I have written several poems and stories that I intend to publish in due course. My writing skills also involve writing dissertations and article writing. I usually write articles which are published in our state youth journal that gives me an avenue to explore my skills and talent. My future career is to be consultant in the field of marketing; therefore, my writing skills would be widely used in communicating with my clients and to the markets thereafter. Since marketing strategies involve wide interactions with the customers (people), I intend to sharpen my skills so that I would effectively communicate during my work

Genetics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 5

Genetics - Essay Example This type of Down’s syndrome usually occurs in mothers who are less than 30 years of age. The Robertsonian translocation that leads to Down syndrome occurs between chromosomes 21 and 14. During meiosis, three possible pairing configurations can be observed between the 14 and 21 translocate chromosome and normal homolog (Crow and William 111). Think about how there pairings might occur and draw all possible pairing arrangements. You should draw your pairing arrangements with respect to the equator of the cell at metaphas This is because it helps us to determine whether genes are on the same or separate chromosomes. By calculating the frequency of crossing over, we obtain a measure of the map distance between the gene pairs (Crow and William 127). One genetic map unit (mu) is the distance between gene pairs for which one product of meiosis out of a hundred (100) is recombinant. 14. Perform a crossover between homologues 2 and 3 at the point indicated in the diagram below. If a second crossover occurs in the same region between the 2 genes, tell which chromatids would be involved to produce the following outcomes 15. Using the homologous chromosomes below, assume that a paracentric inversion occurs that involves genes B and C such that genes B and C are now inverted. The inversion occurs on only one homologue. During meiotic pairing of the inverted chromosome with the normal chromosome, a chiasma forms between B-C and crossing over

Female representation in computer games Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Female representation in computer games - Essay Example The essay "Female representation in computer games" discovers the Images of Women in Computer Based Gaming. The game World of Warcraft allows the player to create their own representation, but most of the females and males have sexualized representations that engage the user in very real objectification of the human form. In a discussion of the theories proposed by John Berger, the nature of the consumer to art can be seen through the examination of the art and imagery that has been developed in the gaming world. The nature of gaming is such that it creates an alternative space in which female and male objectification is engaged so that not only is the concept of the human shifted into a different space, the actions that are taken as representations of heroic are placed within the sexual fantasy space. Images that are used for gaming are representations of contemporary art, created through different mediums used for different purposes. Most of it is created through computer generatio n, but there is a great deal of art that is done through the traditional medium of canvas and brush with either oils or acrylics. These pieces are used for promotional value, although computer generation of images has advanced to the point where artistically rendered work is very similar to that which used to require canvas and paint. As an example, Fig.1, Fig. 2 and Fig. 3 are a female and male characters from World of Warcraft, rendered artistically as an emotive piece which is intended. to engage the consumer by creating envy. Berger discusses the role of envy in glamour, the nature of plying the consumer with attributes of a representational figure that can never be achieved, thus maintaining an envious connection which is never transferred to the consumer. La Grange paraphrases Berger and states that â€Å"The imagine themselves transformed by buying the product and envy this transformed self. In effect, the publicity image has lowered the spectators’ self-esteem and of fers it back if they buy the product† (8). Gaming literally offers the experience of becoming the enviable figure, the consumer able to manipulate the actions of the character, achieving goals and setting a course through that image. Berger discusses the way in which the identity and the self are interlaced with the concept of ownership and envy. In owning a thing, the desired effect is to have become the representation of how that thing creates the identity of the self. In owning something, there is never a pay-off of real happiness, but a movement towards acquiring the next thing. La Grange states that Berger proposed that â€Å"The individual is trapped between what he is and what he would like to be† (9). In choosing what to buy, the individual seeks to find happiness, but because happiness cannot be achieved by the acquisition, the individual is essentially powerless. In some ways, gaming fills this gap as the manipulation of the image that has been chosen becomes an extension of the self, the individual placed within the space of the game as that image and acquiring through the choices that are made about the actions of the image. La Grange explains the relationships of the ownership of art as it is relevant to the identity. She states that through Berger, it can be seen that â€Å"oil painting celebrated private property; it expressed the idea that you are what you have†

History at Great Zimbabwe Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

History at Great Zimbabwe - Essay Example However, I should say, Beach's presentation of early civilization and how the Great Zimbabwe started in the 16th century dealt with deeper level of understanding. Based on the theories and studies, the author is stating that the Great Zimbabwe is politically static community showing generational dynastic activities. The Author used Huffman's archaeological study on Portuguese documents using the "Shona" as oral traditions and the Venda Anthropology to explain well the mysterious developments on Great Zimbabwe. These traditions were based on the early ruins of the civilization and the modern Shona cultures to clearly explain the connections, evidences and origins of how it started. Mutapa Oral Traditions were also brought up as the author believed that it is where state formation came from and manifested for three centuries giving details on different socio-political plans of the Great Zimbabwe. It was then also considering that Mutapas lived on the high house wherein seen to be the "rulers" of the early civilization. "Snakes" and "Birds" were cited by the author referring on different geographical representation of people within the community and the hierarchy of the so-called "rulers". Though, presented with inconsistencies on each arguments still "oral traditions" has been a reliable assumptions on Great Zimbabwe over the 600 years. "The Great Enclosure" was used to state the

Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Research Paper Example II. Oedipus follows Aristotle’s description of a tragedy. A. The plot is not an ordinary tragedy. B. The plot is whole, complete and has unity of action. C. The plot considers serious dramatic action around a person of high social status. D. The plot is more important than the characters. E. The hamartia represents the mistake of a hero. F. Oedipus has a complex plot because of â€Å"reversal of intention† (peripeteia) and â€Å"recognition† (anagnorisis), which is related to the hero’s catastrophe. III. Oedipus has some tragic flaws. A. He manifests hubris. 1. He disrespects Teiresias. 2. He misjudges Creon. B. He conducted impure deeds. 1. He killed his father. 2. He slept with his mother. 3. He brought a curse to his homeland. IV. The play has diction that illustrates that Oedipus suffered a fate he could not change; thus, his tragedy is his helplessness and hopelessness. A. Oedipus moira is sealed. B. He started with outstanding reputation and good for tune. C. Sophocles described the â€Å"catharsis of pity and fear.† D. Hamartia is action, not character. V. Conclusion A. Oedipus is a tragedy in Aristotle’s terms because of its dramatic complex plot. B. It shows the tragedy of an upright man who cannot change his ill fortune. C. The action in the plot is the tragedy, not the character. D. Oedipus does not deserve a tragic life, which makes his downfall a great Aristotelian tragedy. Oedipus is paradoxically a hero and a villain. He initially saves a whole city from the Sphinx, but because of his real identity, he brings a deadly curse to it later on, and most especially, to his family and himself. This essay analyzes Sophocles’ Oedipus, determining if it fits Aristotle’s definition of a tragic hero. In Poetics, Sophocles’ Oedipus exemplifies Aristotle’s definition of a tragic hero because it follows the latter’s elements of a tragic plot, explores the character’s flaws, and n arrates with a compelling diction that includes irony and images of human flaws, where despite this weaknesses, the greatest tragedy is that Oedipus does not deserve his fate since the gods controlled his destiny from the beginning, and therefore, he is inherently innocent, and yet he falls to complete disgrace. Oedipus follows Aristotle’s description of a tragedy, where Aristotle defined a tragedy as not a mere imitation of a good man suffering a misfortune. A tragedy is not historical but is an account of what might be true. Scheepers (2005) described what Aristotle meant by a tragic plot: â€Å"Aristotle refutes the ‘simplistically’ structured tragic plot, which involves a good man coming to misfortune, as completely immoral, and rejects the simple moral plot, in which a bad man succumbs to hardship, as utterly untragic† (p.137). Instead, Aristotle uses the notion of hamartia, which can be defined as an account or

Managing Scope Change Essay Example for Free

Managing Scope Change Essay After successfully planning and organizing the AD High Tech online store project, project manager Chris Johnson was promoted to vice president of e-business. Eric Robertson returned from his leave and assumed the position he had left as the project manager for the online store. In late summer 2003, Johnson began hearing whispers from his colleagues that the project was in trouble. On August 20, CIO Matt Webb frantically approached Johnson in his office. He had just fired Robertson and wanted Johnson to serve as the interim project manager. For more than three months, Robertson had told Webb that the project was on track, but suddenly he changed course and told Webb that he â€Å"guessed† it would be at least one month late and that costs would overrun by more than 20 percent. This was hardly acceptable, since it was imperative that the project be completed in time for the holiday shopping season. The project had strategic importance to the company and was integral to its holiday promotion strategy. Webb explained to Johnson that there was an additional challenge: the vice president of marketing wanted to create â€Å"promotional bundles† for the holiday season. Promotional bundles are a collection of items bundled together and sold at a lower cost than if the items were purchased individually. AD’s trial promotions with some retailers had shown an increase of 10 percent in sales with the addition of these promotional bundles, and the marketing plan called for them to be rolled out nationally. Thus, in order to maintain consistency in all sales channels, the bundles also needed to be available in the online store. Once again, Johnson was asked to quickly troubleshoot the project. He needed to analyze the true state of the project and gather his projections for cost and schedule. Johnson also needed to assess the possible impact of adding promotional bundles. Although deterred from his transition into his new job  as vice president, Johnson was nonetheless excited to once again put his project management expertise to use. Promotional Bundles The promotional bundles and the tasks associated with implementing them represented the only functional or scope change for the online store as Johnson set out to troubleshoot the project.  ©2006 by the Kellogg School of Management, Northwestern University. This case was prepared by Derek Yung ’03 and Alex Gershbeyn ’03 under the supervision of Professor Mark Jeffery in the Center for Research on Technology and Innovation. Cases are developed solely as the basis for class discussion. Some facts within the case have been altered for confidentiality reasons. Cases are not intended to serve as endorsements, sources of primary data, or illustrations of effective or ineffective management. To order copies or request permission to reproduce materials, call 800-545-7685 (or 617-783-7600 outside the United States or Canada) or e-mail [emailprotected] No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, used in a spreadsheet, or transmitted in any form or by any means—electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise—without the permission of the Kellogg School of Management. This document is authorized for use only by Vivekanandan Thangamani in IDS 507: Advanced Systems Analysis and Design Project taught by Dr. Matthew Liotine from September 2012 to March 2013. The promotional bundles did not necessarily present a technical design challenge for the project. The product catalog from Microsoft Site Server had the flexibility to handle complex rules in dealing with different pricing schemes. However, since MS Site Server had to be configured and  tested, a new set of tasks not originally planned or estimated needed to be factored into the project plan. Sales planning called for a total of twelve promotional bundles. The technical lead on the team, Marc Sanders, estimated that after two to three days of training per person, ten to twelve â€Å"person-days† would be needed for his team to configure the pricing rules in the system. The testing lead estimated twenty to twenty-five person-days would be needed to test the new features and to regression-test the existing products in conjunction with the promotional bundles. Sanders was a bit worried about the size of his development team, since he was barely keeping up with his duties managing the existing tasks on the project. AD was currently charging shipping as a flat percentage depending on order size. The online store, however, was to be built to handle percentages and to specify shipping charges on a per-item basis. In the project outline, the baseline estimate of the Submit Order tasks for design and build included the work for the extra shipping functionality. Sanders estimated that he could reduce 50 percent of the work on the Submit Order tasks if the per-item shipping charge feature was removed. Doing so would likely free up a developer who could potentially work on the ERP interface. Project Staffing As far as Johnson knew, the IT staff was running at full capacity, which meant that any additional resources for the project would have to be contractors. AD did not traditionally use contractors for testing. The market rate for a contract developer had risen to $175 per hour, with an overtime rate of 150 percent. Johnson’s best guess was that it would take one week for a new developer to get acclimated and trained on the procedures of the project. Microsoft could provide consultants who were fully trained with the expertise to configure the pricing engine to accommodate the promotional bundles. Sanders had experience working with these consultants, and he estimated that they could do the configuration work and train another developer to maintain the rules in the system in no more than two to three days. The Microsoft consultants charged $500 per hour and required a minimum  of two weeks to arrange for the visit. Thus, for planning purposes, Microsoft consultants could be hired for two to three days’ work but required two weeks’ lead time to schedule. Review Meeting After reviewing his new assignment with Webb, Johnson quickly gathered all the online store project leads to get their input on the state of the project. He learned that there had been no measurement—and hence no evaluation—of project management metrics. This came as a surprise to Johnson, since Robertson had been known to be meticulous in measuring projects quantitatively in the past. KELLOGG SCHOOL OF MANAGEMENT This document is authorized for use only by Vivekanandan Thangamani in IDS 507: Advanced Systems Analysis and Design Project taught by Dr. Matthew Liotine from September 2012 to March 2013. For the exclusive use of V. THANGAMANI KEL158 AD HIGH TECH (B) After working with the leads for more than a week, Johnson painstakingly pieced together the historical data and got the actual time spent working for all relevant tasks as of August 26. See Exhibit 1 for the project â€Å"actuals.† He also had the earned value template from a previous assignment that could be used to analyze the project plan, if he could figure out how the earned value data could be extracted from the project software. See Exhibit 2. The project was originally scheduled to be implemented by mid-November, before the Thanksgiving weekend. The vice president of marketing and Webb agreed that it was possible to delay implementation until December 1 and still reap some of the benefits of the holiday season. Johnson realized that this was far from the ideal scenario, since the  project would miss the Thanksgiving shopping weekend. However, he needed to provide Webb with an accurate assessment on how and when the project could be completed. Johnson realized that he first needed to update the original Microsoft Project document. He was not sure what, if any, problems existed within the original project. In addition, he was not sure exactly how to incorporate the promotional bundles into the project plan. Johnson’s experience told him that something would need to be fixed, and that the last-minute scope change was going to cost the company. KELLOGG SCHOOL OF MANAGEMENT This document is authorized for use only by Vivekanandan Thangamani in IDS 507: Advanced Systems Analysis and Design Project taught by Dr. Matthew Liotine from September 2012 to March 2013.

Counsumer Behavior Essay Example for Free

Counsumer Behavior Essay Absolute threshold Differential threshold †¢How does sensory adaptation affect advertising effectiveness? How can marketers overcome sensory adaptation? †¢Discuss the differences between the absolute threshold and the differential threshold. Which is more important to marketers? Explain your answer. For each of these products—chocolate bars and bottles of expensive perfume—describe how marketers can apply their knowledge of differential threshold to packaging, pricing, and promotional claims during periods of (a) rising ingredient and materials costs and (b) increasing competition. 2. Key Concepts Contrast Figure and ground †¢How do advertisers use contrast to make sure that their ads are noticed? Would the lack of contrast between the advertisement and the medium in which it appears help or hinder the effectiveness of the ad? What are the ethical considerations in employing such strategies? †¢What are the implications of figure-ground relationships for print ads and for online ads? How can the figure-ground construct help or interfere with the communication of advertising messages? †¢Find three examples of print advertisements that use some of the stimulus factors discussed in the chapter to gain attention. For each example, evaluate the effectiveness of the stimulus factors used. 3. Key Concepts Selective perception Perceptual mapping †¢Define selective perception. Thinking back, relate one or two elements of this concept to your own attention patterns in viewing print advertisements and TV commercials. †¢Select a company that produces several versions of the same product under the same or different brands (one that is not discussed in this chapter). Visit the firm’s Web site and prepare a list of the product items and the benefits that each item offers to consumers. Are all these benefits believable and will they persuade consumers to buy the different versions of the product? Explain your answers. †¢Construct a two-dimensional perceptual map of your college using the two attributes that were most influential in your selection. Then mark the position of your school on the diagram relative to that of another school you considered. Discuss the implications of this perceptual may for the student recruitment function of the university that you did not choose.

Crime Control Model: Philosophy of criminal justice

Crime Control Model: Philosophy of criminal justice Crime control model refers to a philosophy of criminal justice which focuses on decreasing crime in the community through increased police and prosecutorial abilities. Crime control places emphasis on the power of the government to protect society, with less attention on individual rights. Those who take a strong stance favoring tough ways to approach crime and criminals may be characterized as supporters of crime control. The prevention of crime should ne the most important responsibility of criminal justice and crime control model because order is a necessary condition for a free society. Crime control proponents believe that criminal justice should concentrate on protecting victims rights rather than on vindicating defendants liberties. Police authority should be increased to make it easier to search, seize, investigate, arrest and convict. Legal technicalities that restraint the police should be removed and dismissed. In the crime control model, the criminal process should operat e like an assembly-line, pushing cases quickly and smoothly along toward disposition and conviction. For example, if the police make an arrest and a prosecutor files criminal charges, then the accused should be presumed guilty because the investigation of police and prosecutors is highly reliable. Overall, the main objective of the criminal justice process should be to discover the truth or to establish the factual guilt of the accused. The assumption of absolute reliability of police fact-finding is the basis of the crime control model for law enforcement and treats arrestees as if they are already found guilty. Advocates of the crime control model feel severe punishment deters crime but if the laws go unenforced, there is a high percentage of failure for apprehending and convicting criminals. The Crime Control Model requires that primary attention be paid to the efficiency with which the criminal process operates to screen suspects, determine guilt, and secure appropriate dispositions of persons convicted of crime (Packer, 1964). Crime control policies involve enforcement actions made by law enforcement agencies and the administration of the criminal justice system such as correctional facilities and courts. Most crime control polices have resulted in greater investment in law enforcement. Higher rates of incarceration have also resulted in state and federal prison due to crime control policies. In order for the m odel to favorable function, the model must produce a high rate of apprehension and conviction and must do so in a circumstance where the incidents dealt with are very abundant and the means for dealing with them are very restricted. Quick processing is an important factor of the crime control model. The criminal process, in this model, is seen as a screening process in which each successive state- prearrest investigation, arrest, postarrest investigation, preparation for trial, trial or entry of plea, conviction, disposition-involves a series of routinized operations whose success is gauged primarily by their tendency to pass the case along to a successful conclusion (Packer, 1964). Another policy of the crime control was the theory of presumption of guilt by Herbert Packer. Once a person has been arrested and investigated without being found to be probably innocent or once a determination has been made that there is enough evidence of guilt to permit holding a person for further action, then will be confidence in the reliability of the fact-finding activities that take place in the early stages of the criminal process. Until there has been judgment of guilt by an authorized legal competent such as police, the suspect is to be treated as if guilt is the verdict. The focus is to encourage the arrestee to enter a plea of guilty. Some other issues that may affect the crime control model occur because public policy making occurs in a political environment and it is most likely that crime control policies are politically possible. Crime Control Model Views The control and constraint of criminal conduct and activity is the most important factor of the crime control model. Unless crime is controlled, the rights of law-abiding citizens will not be protected, and the security of society will be diminished (Neubauer Fradella, 2010. P. 20). Responsibility, discipline, and self-control are key values in the view of crime control. Crime develops from these factors and in order to reach the goal of crime suppression, the criminal justice system needs to process arrestees efficiently. In order to do so, determining guilt according to evidence is law enforcements responsibility and fact-finding is adequately infallible to keep the innocent from being falsely punished. To achieve the goal of repressing crime, the crime control model explains the cure is to eliminate legal loopholes by curtaining the exclusionary rule, abolishing the insanity defense, allowing for preventative detention of dangerous offenders, and increasing the certainty of punis hment (Neubauer Fradella, 2010. p. 21). Supporters feel that the courts limit law enforcement and do not provide enough protection for society and claim criminals beat the system and get off easy. Advocates of the crime control model hold views supportive to the idea of repressing crime in many areas of discussion of law. When it comes to asset forfeiture, crime control proponents demand severe regulations and limitations on asset forfeiture because it unfavorably grants the government too much power and control over substantial property rights. The crime control view on drugs and its policies is you do the crime, you serve the time. The crime control model originates the mentality that drug abuse is provoked by an analysis of individual responsibility and self-control. The solution to this problem of narcotic abuse is punishment. In hopes to teach a lesson and deter others from making the same mistake, crime control supporters believe arrest and conviction will do the trick. Indigent defenses are defense cases made by those individuals who cannot afford to pay a lawyer and therefore are entitled to a lawyer free of charge. As expenditures for defense services for the indigent have risen dramatically, crime control enthusiasts are concerned that the government is paying too much for indigent defense. The adoption of stringent indigency standards and cost recovery are ways to help improve the governments economic inequality. Screening applicants more thoroughly can ensure that the applicant is truly needed of the service and cost recovery seeks partially indigent defendants to assist paying for their defense. From a practical standpoint, defendants appear to be more willing to voluntarily contribute to their costs or representation before disposition than being requested to pay after entering a plea or having been found guilty (Spangenberg et al. 1986, p. 70). To crime control defenders, the right to bail ought to be changed in the image of pretrial releas es of defendants who commit new crimes while out on bail. Inequities are the link between bail and crime. Pretrial crimes and preventative detention concerning bail reform is based on the crime control model. Vindicators of the crime control model emphasize that bail should be used to protect society. They centralize on defendants who are probably going to commit additional crimes while out on bail and stress the need for preventative detention.Many of those rearrested were initially arrested for a misdemeanor and later arrested for another minor offense (Neubauer Fradella, 2010. p. 273). Plea bargaining is the process by which a defendants pleads guilty to a criminal charge with the expectation of receiving some benefit out of it. Supporters of the crime control model believe that plea bargaining permits defendants to avoid conviction for crimes they commit. Plea bargaining often times results in lenient sentences and gives criminals the impression that courts and the law are easily manipulated. Plea bargains send the wrong message. When criminal offenders are permitted to plead guilty to lesser charges with lesser penalties, the credibility of the entire system is corrupted (LaWall, 2001). Advocates of the crime control model preached concern that too much judicial discretion led to unduly lenient sentencing. This moved legislatures to greatly reduce judicial sentencing discretion. Adherents of the crime control model were very concerned the indulgent discretion resulted in a lack of effective crime control. They recognize that criminal justice officials were making decisions that produce unnecessary leniency. They perceived trial judges were imposing sentences well below the statutory maximum and that parole boards were too wiling to release prisoners early. Crime control proponents have particular views pertaining to crime control and when it comes to the death penalty, they feel the death penalty is a deterrent in that it scares people from committing murder because they know what the end result will be. They believe that the fairness of the death penalty is unimportant or unproven and for example, African-Americans are no more likely to be executed than white Americans. The crime control model of criminal justice believes that the death penalty should be retained because it is morally acceptable to take the life of a person who has already taken another persons life (Neubauer Fradella, 2010. p. 402). Finally, the crime control model on juvenile delinquency and its courts is more adult penalties. Crime is the product of moral breakdown and it does not matter what the age is. Supporters of the crime control model feel juveniles who commit crime should take full responsibility for their actions and be punished like adults. One version of more adult penalties for juvenile offenders involves increasing the numbers of transfers to adult court. Chronic overcrowding of juvenile justice facilities is one problem often mentioned, but it is unclear how merely shuffling the overcrowding problems of juvenile facilities to already overcrowded adult courts and adult prisons will alleviate the problem (Neubauer Fradella, 2010. p. 519). Crime Control Issues For most of the last two centuries the states specialized institutions of criminal justice have dominated the field, and have treated crime as a problem to be governed through the policing, prosecution and punishment of individual law breakers. Today we see a development that enlists the activity of citizens, communities and companies, that works with more expansive conception of crime control, and that utilizes techniques and strategies that are quite different from those used by traditional criminal justice agencies. The crime control model insists on the value of efficiency. The investigative efficiency ideal-type is promised upon administrative efficiency. The crime control model is concerned with the fundamental goal of the criminal justice system. The criminal process is a battle between two opposing arguments whose interests are relentlessly antagonistic: the Individual (particularly the accused) and the State. Professor Herbert Packer of Stanford University is best known for his idealistic views on the crime control model. Some refer to his analysis as the efficiency model. He believed that the Crime Control Model accepts the probability of mistakes up to the level at which they interfere with the goal of repressing crime, either because too many guilty people are escaping or, more subtly, because general awareness of the unreliability of the process leads to a decrease in the deterrent efficacy of the criminal law. His argument was that these sets of values `compete for priority in the operation of the criminal justice process and he sought to show the way in which they were influential in shaping the system and the actions of its functionaries. Crime control models command for operational efficiency is the reliability (or investigative efficiency) of the police/prosecutorial screening process. The crime control model derives primarily from administrative and economic considerations. There is a tendency to use the term `Crime Control in two distinct sensessometimes to describe the goal of the criminal justice system and sometimes to summarize a complex of values which influences its operationand confusion inevitably follows (Duff, 1998). Herbert Packers models of the criminal justice process defined the theories we believe in today. The crime control model was built on community concerns for security and order. Packers crime control model suspects that criminal law is able to control crime without accounting for the fact, manifested by victimization studies meaning that most victims do not report crime to the police. He [Packer] assumes that punishment is necessary to control crime whereas it may achieve little in the way of general deterrence and may make things worse by stigmatizing offenders and producing defiance (Roach, 1999). The crime control model looks to the legislature, as its validating authority and allows the universal confidence that legislature pl ace on the criminal sanction. The model commends that countless cases result in a guilty plea or prosecutorial dismiss. Because the crime control model is based on factual guilt, the police are given a wide range of investigative powers to arrest people during questioning and this is often the quickest way to establish factual guilt. In conclusion, Herbert Packers crime control model, or efficiency model, is solely based on the protection of the people. In one sense of course, it does not matter what we rename this complex of values, as long as we distinguish it from the goal of Crime Control, but the term `Efficiency model does seem to capture its essence (Duff, 1998). Packer describes it as requiring that `primary attention be paid to the efficiency with which the criminal process operates, as demanding `efficiency of operation and as an `administrative, almost a managerial, model (pp. 158-9). Crime control is the overall aim of the criminal justice system and in this model, police investigations, quick prosecutions, and extreme consequences are the key.

Essay --

Reason, Desire, and Sexuality: The Meaning of Gender in Northern Afghanistan This article by AUDREY C. SHALINSKY, discuss the life of men and woman during the year that citizen of Uzbekistan was migrated from Uzbekistan to northern Afghanistan known as the Muhajiren. â€Å"The Meaning of Gender in Northern Afghanistan† article talks about the life men and women and sexual relationship and the forbidden of sexuality in the religion of Islam also, it views gender as symbolic meanings mediated and interpreted through social experience and discourse. AUDREY C. SHALINSKY also, talk over the two interrelated sets of gender that are the symbolic statements about the nature of men and women and the other symbolic statements about the interaction of men and women. Similarly the author finally mentioned the ideas about marriage, veiling, and adultery. This article also talk about the Alimaste â€Å"witchlike figure† the statements about a woman`s passionate and uncontrolled nature. In the analysis this article focuses on traditional, norms, values, and a ttitudes and about the Islamic rule and current society of Afghanistan. These data’s were selected during the year of 1976-1977 in Kundoz a province of Afghanistan located in the Northern of Afghanistan. The Islamic terms, which are used in this article, are nafs, aql and fitna and there were mosques that educate both men and women about these Islamic theories. This article also covers about the Good women and the Bad women and describes the meaning of good and bad. In addition the author firs discussed about the Islamic theory of individual and gender. In this theory the Muhajirin who are the migrants of Uzbekistan used three terms, which are aql, nafs, and fitna and learned these terms in mosques i... ...o sisters and a brother. Because, it’s something common to now a days happening in the rural areas of Afghanistan. We have many stories of teenage girls who are raped by such powerful and wealthy people in far provinces of Afghanistan. And has it mentioned in the book that the girl is blamed, harassed and punished harshly for the sin or crime she has not committed. It`s too similar to life of today’s teenagers and younger girls of Afghanistan. Whom, do their families sell for money or in gambling to powerful and wealthy people? Not only this but the idea of woman not getting education. Still Afghan woman suffering the same problems is a far province and they are banned to get education. However, in Islam it`s not forbidden and Quran says equal education for women and men. But the traditionalist people use their own ideologies and stop women from getting education. Essay -- Reason, Desire, and Sexuality: The Meaning of Gender in Northern Afghanistan This article by AUDREY C. SHALINSKY, discuss the life of men and woman during the year that citizen of Uzbekistan was migrated from Uzbekistan to northern Afghanistan known as the Muhajiren. â€Å"The Meaning of Gender in Northern Afghanistan† article talks about the life men and women and sexual relationship and the forbidden of sexuality in the religion of Islam also, it views gender as symbolic meanings mediated and interpreted through social experience and discourse. AUDREY C. SHALINSKY also, talk over the two interrelated sets of gender that are the symbolic statements about the nature of men and women and the other symbolic statements about the interaction of men and women. Similarly the author finally mentioned the ideas about marriage, veiling, and adultery. This article also talk about the Alimaste â€Å"witchlike figure† the statements about a woman`s passionate and uncontrolled nature. In the analysis this article focuses on traditional, norms, values, and a ttitudes and about the Islamic rule and current society of Afghanistan. These data’s were selected during the year of 1976-1977 in Kundoz a province of Afghanistan located in the Northern of Afghanistan. The Islamic terms, which are used in this article, are nafs, aql and fitna and there were mosques that educate both men and women about these Islamic theories. This article also covers about the Good women and the Bad women and describes the meaning of good and bad. In addition the author firs discussed about the Islamic theory of individual and gender. In this theory the Muhajirin who are the migrants of Uzbekistan used three terms, which are aql, nafs, and fitna and learned these terms in mosques i... ...o sisters and a brother. Because, it’s something common to now a days happening in the rural areas of Afghanistan. We have many stories of teenage girls who are raped by such powerful and wealthy people in far provinces of Afghanistan. And has it mentioned in the book that the girl is blamed, harassed and punished harshly for the sin or crime she has not committed. It`s too similar to life of today’s teenagers and younger girls of Afghanistan. Whom, do their families sell for money or in gambling to powerful and wealthy people? Not only this but the idea of woman not getting education. Still Afghan woman suffering the same problems is a far province and they are banned to get education. However, in Islam it`s not forbidden and Quran says equal education for women and men. But the traditionalist people use their own ideologies and stop women from getting education.

HOW CAN WE STOP THE ABUSE OF THE AMERICAN WELFARE SYSTEM? Essay

HOW CAN WE STOP THE ABUSE OF THE AMERICAN WELFARE SYSTEM? It is well known that the Social Security Act of 1935 created a federally financed and federally administered retirement insurance program for people who had worked in certain sectors of the economy and had paid payroll taxes on their wages. What is less known is that the Act also created a federally financed but state-administered program called Aid to Dependent Children (â€Å"ADC,† later to become Aid to Families with Dependent Children, or â€Å"AFDC†)? As Sheldon H. Danziger and Jeffrey S. Lehman stated in â€Å"Welfare†, â€Å"When Americans speak of â€Å"welfare† or â€Å"relief† they are usually alluding to ADC and its successor programs. From the outset, the design and implementation of ADC highlighted the central conflicts of welfare policy. Issues of race, gender, work, and parenting style were, then as now, matters of great social tension†(Danziger). From 1935 to 1960 the only changes to the welfare structure was the inclusi on of widows and disabled people into the social security system. In the 1960’s policymakers began to speak of creating equal opportunity for everyone by educating and rehabilitating the poor so they could compete (on an equal footing) in the market place. The policymakers thought that this would eliminate the artificial barriers imposed by the circumstances of birth. By the late 1960’s a â€Å"welfare rights† movement advanced the claim that welfare was not an act of public charity, but instead an entitlement of the poor (Danziger). This claim was the result of the Civil Rights, Women’s Rights and opposition to the Vietnam War movements and the corresponding changes in philosophy and moral outlook that these movements brought about. This â€Å"entitlement credo† was op... ...ified. One thing is certain, measurable or not, great efforts are being made to curtail and eliminate child abuse. Works Cited Boxall, Bettina. "How Fair is Workfare?" Los Angeles Times 9 Mar. 1997: 1 Boyer, Barbara. "PA PHILADELPHIA WELFARE FRAUD STATISTIC" Philadelphia Inquirer.8 Jan.1999: B1 Danziger, Sheldon H., Jeffrey S. Lehman, "Welfare." The Oxford Companion to American Law (2010) Hall, Carla. "Taking Parenting a Step at a Time Education" Los Angeles Times 19 Nov.1994: 1 Hasking, Ron. "Work over Welfare: The Inside Story of the 1996 Welfare Reform Law." Brookings Instituteion Press [Wahington, DC] (2006) 364

Essay --

When an individual is apprehend and charged with a crime, they must understand what they must be fully aware and be able to perform crucial personal and legal function. This is known to be competent. There are various types of legal competences that must be known such as the competency to confess, competency to waive Miranda rights, competency to make treatment decision and etc. In essences, competence is referring to being cognitively aware of the decision that a one is making such as confessing to a crime while understanding the consequences that will occur should they continue to confess. However, criminals that have a mental illness or defect might not appreciate the nature of their crime and might have difficulty understanding the stages of the trial (Costanzo, & Krauss 2012). These criminals would have to have a competency to stand trial evaluation established in order to continue trail. Competency to stand trial (CTS) was first established in the 1960 case Dusky v United Stat es. In this case, the Supreme Court set the benchmark in CTS stating a defendant is not competent to stand trial if due to mental illness and/or defect; he lacks the cognitive capacity to assist counsel and aid in his own defense with a sensible degree of rational understanding or if the defendant does not have a rational understanding of the proceedings charged against him. Since Dusky v United States created the bench mark for CTS, there have been many other cases and Supreme Court decisions that have modified and refined CST. The three main cases that demonstrate this modification to CST are; Washington v Harper (1990), Riggins v Nevada (1992) and Sell v United states (2003). Each of these cases demonstrated the government attempting to restore the... ...e medication to Sells. The medical hearing officer claimed that Sells delusional thinking could lead him into becoming dangerous. Sell’s challenges being medicated in court. The question that the Supreme Court must answer is if the U. S Constitution allows the federal government to administer antipsychotic medication to a defendant that is mentally ill but not dangerous in order for him to become CTS for a severe but nonviolent crime. The Supreme Court decided that the Constitution allows the government to forcibly administer antipsychotic drugs to a mentally ill defendant. However, the treatment must be medically suitable for the individual and will not cause side effects that won’t distribute the defendant during his trail. Another important factor that the government pointed out was if there was trail was significantly important to the governments’ interest. Essay -- When an individual is apprehend and charged with a crime, they must understand what they must be fully aware and be able to perform crucial personal and legal function. This is known to be competent. There are various types of legal competences that must be known such as the competency to confess, competency to waive Miranda rights, competency to make treatment decision and etc. In essences, competence is referring to being cognitively aware of the decision that a one is making such as confessing to a crime while understanding the consequences that will occur should they continue to confess. However, criminals that have a mental illness or defect might not appreciate the nature of their crime and might have difficulty understanding the stages of the trial (Costanzo, & Krauss 2012). These criminals would have to have a competency to stand trial evaluation established in order to continue trail. Competency to stand trial (CTS) was first established in the 1960 case Dusky v United Stat es. In this case, the Supreme Court set the benchmark in CTS stating a defendant is not competent to stand trial if due to mental illness and/or defect; he lacks the cognitive capacity to assist counsel and aid in his own defense with a sensible degree of rational understanding or if the defendant does not have a rational understanding of the proceedings charged against him. Since Dusky v United States created the bench mark for CTS, there have been many other cases and Supreme Court decisions that have modified and refined CST. The three main cases that demonstrate this modification to CST are; Washington v Harper (1990), Riggins v Nevada (1992) and Sell v United states (2003). Each of these cases demonstrated the government attempting to restore the... ...e medication to Sells. The medical hearing officer claimed that Sells delusional thinking could lead him into becoming dangerous. Sell’s challenges being medicated in court. The question that the Supreme Court must answer is if the U. S Constitution allows the federal government to administer antipsychotic medication to a defendant that is mentally ill but not dangerous in order for him to become CTS for a severe but nonviolent crime. The Supreme Court decided that the Constitution allows the government to forcibly administer antipsychotic drugs to a mentally ill defendant. However, the treatment must be medically suitable for the individual and will not cause side effects that won’t distribute the defendant during his trail. Another important factor that the government pointed out was if there was trail was significantly important to the governments’ interest.

Japanese Society Yakuza

It is said quite often that Japan is one of the safest countries in the world, what I comparing to Germany or other countries can confirm from my own experiences. With only 19. 177 per 1,000 people got Japan #34 in a world crime ranking, while Dominica rates #1, United Kingdom #6, USA # 8 and Germany #11. (United Nations, 2000) Nevertheless japanese families, in our case homestay families, are all the time in my view exageratedly concerned about safety, wherefore you could think, that this is just useless talk. But the Yakuza , the japanese Mafia is famous all over the world with Kobe and Osaka having the highest crime rate in Japan. Especially in movies, the Yakuza are shown as the japanese equivalent to the italian Mafia, but in personal interviews with my former hostmother and other japanese colleagues Yakuza were often played down and even portrayed as nice and helpful. In the city i live – Kobe – is the headquarterof the Yamaguchi – gang (), the largest Yakuza group with over 20000 members. They acutally control a large part of Japan and other countries. (Blathwayt, 2008, p. 41) Sometimes i see them when i go shopping or to the Kobe’s Mosque, because the headquarter of a gumi is around this area and I as well as other japanese people got used to them. It is quite easy to recognize them, because they stick out as buffed, tattooed (sometimes you can see that it is protrude from the shirt), wearing sunglasses (even at night) and having expensive cars. But of course like every other Mafia, they control popular, semi-legal or illegal businesses like prostitution, drugs, protection racket and gambling. However there seems to be a big influence by the Yakuza on Japanese society. In this report, i will examine, what kind of influence the Yakuza have on the Japanese society. In doing so i will take a look at parts of the sex industry, daily and business life, as well as in other areas like random smaller criminals as for example japanese biker gangs called Bosozoku and even normal teenagers next door. First of all i will start with the history of the Yakuza, why and how they developed and try to find here possible parallels of a influences on the modern society. Furthermore in the third part of the report, i will write about my personal experiences and experiences of friends and acquaintances, because such statement often say more than just â€Å"dry facts†. I will close my essay with a conclusion and try to give a forecast about whether the Yakuza will continue to exist the way it does today or whether it will change, as every society developes dynamically and continuesly. a. Origin of the Yakuza The word â€Å"Yakuza† means eight (â€Å"ya†), nine (â€Å"ku†) and three (â€Å"za†) and allegorizes a combination of numbers, that is considered to be the worst hand at a Japanese card game called â€Å"Oicho-Kabu† and though is worthless. (Parkanian, 2010,p. 15) The origin of the Yakuza is not clearly to allocate. Some people say that they are descendents of crazy outlandish samurai called kabuki-mono in the 17th-century, who were very conspicuous because of their outlandish clothes and hair styles. They also spoke a luxuriant slang and carried long swords in their belts. Those servants of the shogun, became leaderless ronin (wave men) and eventually rather thieves and gangsters during the Tokugawa era, an long period of peace in Japan. (Hill,2003,P. 37-40) Others claim their origin to be the gambling syndicates called â€Å"Bakuto† in the Edo period. They were people of humble birth, too, like farmers, craftmen or merchants, who lost their jobs and then had no other choice than entering the gambling syndicates. As mentioned before there was an extended time of peace during the Tokugawa Period in which almost all policemen were former samurai. Therefore there was a high tension between both parties, for example the Yakuza were called â€Å"wannabe samurai† without glorifying the way of the warrior (â€Å"Bushido†) and treated very condescending. Thus a kind of â€Å"Robin-Hood-Image† came up and that was the first steps into a solid influence on Japanese Society. During the Meiji Period their importance increased when a national hero called Jichiro, the boss of a gambling organization, got high merits because of his alignment to the emperor during the conflicts of the Meiji Restoration. After the end of the occupation period and the appreciativeness of Japan as sovereign state in 1952, a rebuild of the Japanese economy and national structures began, so the Yakuza reacted with a buildup of their own economic activities tool, focusing especially in gambling and the construction industry. The consequence was gang fights between the different Yakuza gangs. The state answered with a persecution, which led into a higher concentration of power on the three main Yakuza gangs : Inagawa-kai, Sumiyoshi-kai and Yamaguchi-gumi. In the 70’s and 80’s, when Japan got into a recession because of the famous â€Å"bubble economy†, the Yakuza took advantage of the situation to get access into the financial sector. Protection money extortion of stock corporations followed. In addition to that, there was a change of generations in the big syndicates during in the 80’s, thus again bloody gang fights were the consequences, but the situations changed as well. Blathwayt,2008,p. 36-41) For example younger Yakuza tended to break the old rules and standards by using fire arms and being more violent; Being one reason, why Yakuza organizations were banned by the government. In 90’s the Yakuza were still legal and their headquarters could be easily find. It was even possible to recognize the group those headquarters offices belo nged to and their position in the structure of the group. Yakuza bosses were at news conferences and on TV, they had their own newspapers and even visited the police for congratulations at New Year. Gunther, 1999) It was easy to recognize an influence of the Yakuza on Japanese society, especially in the financial or construction sector in earlier times. But how is the situation today, about 10 years after they were banned. How are they structured today, if as mentioned before a kind of development, respectively change, were coming up? And what are Japanese people thinking about them? b. Their role in today's Japanese society First of all Yakuza look different from the average Japanese guy. One sign are the tattoos, which is a taboo in Japanese Society. For me it was not really possible to wear a tank top during the summer without catching everybody’s attention. Referring to Bruno(2007) the â€Å"Yakuza members also favor tattoos, but theirs are elaborate body murals that often cover the entire torso, front and back, as well the arms to below the elbow and the legs to mid-calf. Dragons, flowers, mountainous landscapes, turbulent seascapes, gang insignias and abstract designs are typical images used for yakuza body art. The application of these extensive tattoos is painful and can take hundreds of hours, but the process is considered a test of a man's mettle. Another sign is the famous â€Å"yubizume†, the amputation of the last joint of the little finger, if a yakuza severely disappoints his boss. The next mistake would lead into an amputation of the second joint of the little finger and later moving on to the next finger. Beyond all, a yakuza knows what to do if his boss gives him a knife. (Kaplan and Dubro,2003,p. 1 4) As a Yakuza there is also no space in Japanese Society, but the mafia is quite more accepted as in other countries like for example United States. Yakuza have an increasingly influence on politics and politicians by supporting them financially or with â€Å"services† like extort people to vote for them. For the Yakuza corporate extortion is a very profitable business and the shareholders’ meeting men called â€Å"Sokaiya† are highly involved. Bruno(2007) describes it as follows:† Sokaiya will buy a small number of shares in a company so that they can attend shareholders' meetings. In preparation for the meeting, the sokaiya gather damaging information about the company and its officers; secret mistresses, tax evasion, unsafe factory conditions, and pollution are all fodder for the sokaiya. They will then contact the company's management and threaten to disclose whatever embarrassing information they have at the shareholders' meeting unless they are â€Å"compensated. † If management does not give in to their demands, the sokaiya go to the shareholders' meeting and raise hell, shouting down anyone who dares to speak, making a boisterous display of their presence, and shouting out their damaging revelations. In Japan, where people fear embarrassment and shame much more than physical threats, executives usually give the sokaiya whatever they want. But Japan is also a society where directness is considered rude, and even the criminals make their threats known in a circuitous, outwardly polite manner. Threats come in many disguises. Some sokaiya pose as business magazine publishers who encourage their targets to take out ads or buy subscriptions in exchange for favorable reporting about the company. Since these sokaiya will follow through on their threats and print a magazine or newsletter filled with condemning articles, company executives usually pay up rather than face the bad press. Another sokaiya scam is to set up booster clubs that solicit donations for non-existent causes. They also throw gala events to which the invited businessmen are expected to bring cash gifts for their hosts. Such events have been known to net more than $100,000 in a single night. The sokaiya have also organized beauty pageants for the purpose of shaking down corporate â€Å"sponsors,† and sokaiya golf tournaments come with pricey entrance fees for their corporate players. These corporate racketeers have also been known to sell blocks of tickets to theater events at grossly inflated prices. Anything to extort money out of legitimate companies in the most polite and indirect way possible. The intention is therefore to control them after the vote and to avoid a minding in their business by the state. They are often right wing nationalistic and even the cars with big loudspeakers of right parties are often driven by Yakuza members. With prohibition of the Yakuza, the conspicuous behavior alleviated. Former offices are now placements for loans or jobs and although the Yakuza a re officially called â€Å"Boryokudan† (violent groups), violence is usually the last resort regardless of whether legal businesses like loan lending or placement services or illegal businesses like drugs, prostitution or gambling. Takahashi,2009,p. 40-43) Certainly the yakuza’s standards decreased when recruiting new members. While about 60 % of all Yakuza descend by â€Å"Burakumin†, offspring of the â€Å"impure† people of the feudal age of Japan, most new members currently come from the bosozuku (speed tribes), known for their love of motorbikes. (Takashi,2009,P. 43) Yakuza, who treasure their ancestral ties to the old samurai reject the term and consider it an insult. So the Yakuza remain the â€Å"shadow of Japanese society†, while their image are getting worse. When I asked surrounding people only two of them had contact with them and described them as very olite but arrogant as well. Their friends are Yakuza and studied Law in an university, but then started a career at a Yakuza organization after graduation. They said that Yakuza are very friendly especially to foreigners, except you are getting involved into their business. Two Mongolian guys, who I met, told me that one of them kicked a Yakuza mem ber during a quarrel in an izakaya. When the police and other Yakuza member arrived later, they said to the Mongolians that if they wouldn’t pay 50000 yen, they would find and kill them. And that in front of the police men, who didn’t want to get involved in this business. This kind of controversy mixture of gratefulness (when the Yakuza helped Japanese people after the big earthquake in 1995 earlier than the Japanese government) and fear, tolerance but no acceptance is a very interesting situation in Japan. But situations are changing. While in other Mafias, in which a member is a member for life and this short-term career can have severe repercussions, former Yakuza are becoming now salary men. There are even companies who offer jobs and rehabilitation programs for former Yakuza, who want to change their life. (Bruno,2007) Conclusion As we could see, there is an influence as well as transition of the Yakuza to Japanese Society. Complaints of Japanese citizens about Yakuza activities increased considerably, although there are still feared, the acceptance is getting lower and lower. Some people are fighting back by banishing yakuza social clubs from their neighborhoods or forbidding Yakuza to enter local â€Å"Onzens† (public hot springs or spas) or gyms. In addition to that, yakuza organizations are haveing serious problems to recruit new members, because a Japanese boy from a well-protected good family doesn’t tend to start working at an underground organization. The author Bruno (2007) described the situation with much apropos: â€Å" Today they could be more active—and more careful—than ever, broadening their bases, infiltrating new territories and working new scams. Like the fabled ninjas of ancient Japan, they can be everywhere and nowhere, but they're always lethal. †References: Blathwayt, W.,2008, Yakuza bared – The changing face of Japanese organised crime. Bruno, 2007, The Yakuza, [online] Available at: http://www.trutv.com/library/crime/gangsters_outlaws/gang/yakuza/1.html [Accessed 21 January 2011] Gà ¼nther, H., 1999, Yakuza â€Å"die Japanische Mafia?†, [online] Available at: http://www.japonet.de/j-impressionen/yakuza.html [Accessed 21 January 2011] Hill, P., 2003, The Japanese Mafia: Yakuza, Law, and the State Kaplan, D. and Dubro, A., 2003, Yakuza Japan's Criminal Underworld Parkanian, J. 2010, Game Boy: Glossary of Japanese Gambling Games Takahashi, K. 2009, Capital punishment – Japan's yakuza vie for control of Tokyo. United Nations, 2000, Seventh United Nations Survey of Crime Trends and Operations of Criminal Justice Systems [online] Available at: http://www.nationmaster.com/graph/cri_tot_cri_percap-crime-total-crimes-per-capita [Accessed 21 January 2011]

Code Of Conduct A Set

They can be counted up to 3, if they get a 3 they eave to go for a time out In another classroom to reflect on their behavior and actions. They spend a minute for each year of their age In time out. – Attendance policy – rewards are given for the children that attend school every day for the year. Each child that attends school every day for a term gets a certificate home. There is also a class attendance award which is given every Friday to the class who had the best attendance the previous week. – Ann-bullying policy: all children know school's take a zero tolerance attitude towards bulling.Any child found to bullying will be dealt with according to the school's policy. 1. 2 All staff in the school must be made aware of all the policies and procedures in place. They must follow each one if necessary. All staff should be consistent with the way they carry out the policies and procedures to ensure the children respond positively, if there Is Inconsistency within the behavior managing then It Is likely that pupil learning will suffer. Pupils should know of the rewards policy and the discipline policy and should know the consequences of their actions and behavior.All staff, whether it be support staff, midday supervisors or senior members of staff should all have the same status when disciplining a child. They should all follow the same steps and reach the same outcome (time out). This will give the pupils better and clearer boundaries for them to follow. Encouraging and rewarding positive behavior lets the children know and reminds them that their behavior is noticed and accounted for. Some children may get the impression that more emphasis is on the bad behavior because that may be what is pointed out more often.Giving the incentive of a reward gives motivation to do well, but also reassurance that It's not only bad behavior that gets the teachers attention. Whilst It's Important to reward all children It Is also equally, If not more Import ant to reward and encourage those children who tend to be told off more than the others. This may be down to a medical condition they have, but to ensure they don't feel victimized or singled out, their positive behavior needs rewarding. Research shows that for every negative thing we do, we need 6 positives to cancel out the negative.We need to be careful not to purely focus on the negatives all the time as some times this can happen when things become busy and unreasoned. Children will learn that reward, they will register the feeling they get when praised and will want that feeling again; so consequently will continue to behave well in order to be praised. 3. 2 Sometimes you will find yourself in a situation where to have to deal with someone's behavior or discipline them without having prior experience, this problem should be raised with someone who is more experienced than you and they will be able to vive you advice on what to do.Whilst you may be experienced enough or feel co nfident enough to deal with problems on your own, there are some situations where other members of staff should be present. These include: – When pupils are a danger to themselves and/or anyone around them – If you are dealing with a pupil whose behavior is unpredictable and you don't feel comfortable on your own – If you aren't in control of a situations and/or pupil aren't following your instructions – If the incident is serious enough to need the involvement of a senior member of staff.Depending on the severity of the situation and the pupil's involved you may need to refer to different members of staff. Sometimes it may Just be support from another member of staff (for example if you need to team teach a child), but in other cases you may need specialist support. These are the people within school who can give specialist support: ESSENCE or supervisor, other teachers or support staff and Head Teacher or Deputy Head. There are also people outside of th e school who can give specialist support. There include: behavior unit, educational psychologists and councilors.

Peer Gynt

Peer Gynt Response Paper The story of â€Å"Peer Gynt† helps explore the state of mind of the self throughout the adventures of Peer Gynt, it also projects the human soul beyond the limits of time. In Peer's words â€Å"I don't know what I'm looking for† (Ibsen ) show that he is a young man experimenting with life by taking on various roles and disguises. In this respect, the story of Peer Gynt can be read as a psychological drama. However, the presence of figures such as the trolls, the Boyg and sphinx illustrates that the play is also mythological. â€Å"Peer Gynt† is as well characterized by religious concerns and it is also metaphysical to some extent.This is pointed out through the way Peer lives through his dreams and attains salvation through Solveig. The first part of the play is Peer in his own society, an outcast, who needs to escape from a society that is restricting him. Weaving of tales is very important in this play since it is through his dreams th at Peer will become emperor of the world. Only Peer knows how to create an imaginative world. To get out of his present state of poverty, Peer Gynt resorts to tale-telling to uplift himself and his mother from the cruelty of society. People become what they are because of society and the way it functions.The international travels of Peer shows a man who yearns for freedom from home, and pursues his dreams of power, sexual fulfilment, never growing old. These are the dreams of most people. Peer Gynt's physical journey is also his mental journey through which he enters a process of discovering the human self. Peer's quest is not so specific and in his pursuit he ultimately comes face-to-face with the search for identity. Peer steals away Ingrid during her wedding ceremony, only to abuse her and discard her. After this pitiful act he is forced to flee the village.This leads Peer to descend into the world of the trolls, where he finds the Green Woman, the Troll King's Daughter. Descent in the world of the trolls, for Peer Gynt is the descent into an irrational world where only desires matter. The fact that Peer Gynt tries to to love the troll maidens so as to enter the troll kingdom shows that he is losing his bearings. There is a kind of beast or not civilized feeling which is represented through the trolls. Their world is the exact opposite of the world of morality. In act 2, we find Peer is simultaneously in the human world and the supernatural world (Solveig and the trolls).Ibsen's dramatic psychology also centers upon the figure of the troll who are extremely self-centred. In most humans there is a troll, and that Ibsen's play masterly shows this. This quote from the Boyg ,† He was too strong; women have saved him! † (Ibsen ) represents the better part of Peer's nature takes up to him when Solveig comes to him. Peer Gynt as a self can only trust his own goodness when that goodness is reflected in someone else. The fact that he goes to help his mom through death shows the positive aspect of his nature. As his mother dies, Peer, across language, takes her through an imaginative world by weaving a tale of beauty.The complex bond between mother and son is there through imagination. The bonds with his past are severed with the death of his mother. Solveig and Ase are symbolical of human ties which make Peer Gynt and they save his soul many a time. However, Peer enters the lowest pits of mental, physical and spiritual degeneration when he takes up the sea journey. Peer fills the air with exaggerated stories and complete untruths. The fourth act which opens in Morocco is dramatically highly entertaining and it introduces themes which have to do with international problems.It makes visible the gradual want of Peer Gynt to become the emperor of the world. He comes out as a cynical businessman. From the peak of success, he encounters opposition, greed and treachery. He falls to the depth of the materialistic business man (slave trade) which makes him lose his soul. Peer Gynt simultaneously enters the world of pyramids and the netherworld he has created by entering the asylum. It represents the irrational uniqueness he wanted to attain. The beauty and sanity of the world he left behind now become more apparent. As Peer journeys through a landscape of his own disordered and crazy imagination.Peer’s, progress through the world becomes a spiritual regression. Spiritual exhaustion becomes a manifest as paralyzed moral will, non-commitment to a set of values, as self-alienation, depersonalization. Duplication and regression are the conditions the spirit is doomed to if it accepts the troll condition of â€Å"to thyself be enough† instead of the human â€Å"to thyself be true. † (Ibsen ) The shock to see mental isolation of individuals, of death propels Peer Gynt to move upwards. They put him back on the route to return. Being true to yourself is to seek for autonomy.We must note the fact that when he is robbed of all his property, Peer prays to God for help and his yacht mysteriously blows up with all on board. This evokes a feeling of mysticism. Through the quote â€Å"My world is ugly and happiness over,† (Ibsen ) Peer looks back upon his wasted life and peels an onion, he lets each layer represent a different role he has played but finds no core. Peer finally discovers that his ‘true self' dissolved due to his self-seeking and ruinous lifestyle. By deserting family ties, Peer Gynt entered the worst stages of moral and physical decline.It is well known that it is relationships which make the identity, the self. Peer Gynt existed more genuinely in Solveig's imagination and it is because of her faith, hope and love that he does not go to hell. Redemption comes through the love of Solveig which has endured and remained pure and untainted. Around Peer Gynt, who is a mythical figure in Norway, is a world and its people and also native myths, politics and religion. The play is a huge journey which has psychology but it also explores other edges of life. Bibliography Ibsen , Henrik. Peer Gynt. Mineola : Dover publications, 2003. eBook.

Mergers & Acquisitions Paper Essay

Mergers and acquisitions is an important aspect of corporate strategy, finance and management. This is done with the buying, selling, dividing and combining of different companies and similar entities. It can help an enterprise grow rapidly in its sector as well as the new sector it just acquired without the hassle of creating a subsidiary from scratch. This activity is on the rise worldwide. According J. Finnegan in â€Å"Global Mergers and Acquisitions Activity Continue to Rise† article, this increase has been accompanied by the return of mega-deals (value exceeding $10 billion) driven primarily by large multinational corporations flush with cash in the U.S. Two of the biggest acquisitions in 2012 are from the Energy Industry and Tech industry where Duke Energy Corporation acquired Progress Energy Inc. and Google acquired Motorola Mobility. I) Duke Energy Corp. acquired Progress Engergy Inc. According to Yahoo finance, in the first case in the energy industry, when the merger was announced on January 10, 2011, the transaction value totaled $26 billion, including Progress Energy’s debt. Currently based on Duke Energy’s share price and including Progress Energy’s debt, the transaction is valued at about $32 billion. Duke Energy Corporation (DUK) announced that it has acquired Progress Energy Inc., effective July 2, 2012. The original Duke Engergy includes Duke Energy International, which operates power plants in Central and South America; Duke Energy Renewables, which develops and owns wind and solar projects in the U.S.; and Duke Energy’s Midwest generation and Duke Energy Retail, which generate, market and sell electricity in the Midwest. Now, the new entity has nearly $49 billion in market capitalization, total assets more than $100 billion and 7.1 million electric users in the Carolinas, Florida, Indiana, Kentucky and Ohio. The transaction makes Duke Energy the largest U.S. utility and increases its ability to build new power plants to meet future greenhouse-gas emissions limits. Earlier, Chicago-based Exelon Corporation (EXC) was the largest U.S. utility. The new company would be known as Duke Energy with headquarters in Charlotte, and substantial operations in Raleigh, North Carolina. Duke Energy would trade on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol â€Å"DUK†. Pursuant to the merger deal, Progress Energy has become a wholly owned direct unit of Duke Energy. On a standalone basis, Duke Energy had an adjusted earnings per share guidance range of $1.40 – $1.45 for 2012. Under the terms of the merger agreement, each share of Progress Energy common stock has been converted into the right to receive 0.87083 shares of Duke Energy common stock. Due to the effect of the 1-for-3 reverse stock split, which was completed related to this merger transaction, this guidance range is the equivalent of $4.20 – $4.35 per share. The combined company continues to target 2012 adjusted earnings per share range of $4.20 – $4.35. The reverse stock split is designed to reduce the number of outstanding Duke Energy shares. The merger is expected to keep the company’s long-term goal of 4% – 6% growth in good shape. Overall, their strong balance sheet, ongoing capital expansion projects and an above average dividend yield are very good signs that this merger and acquisition is working well for them. II) Google acquired Motorola Mobility One of the world’s most valuable brand name in the tech industry is Google, Inc. – a silicon valley native company. Founded in 1988 out of a garage, it has now become the largest and most popular search engine on the Internet. Its strong growth is credited to its creative, think outside the box and risk-taking culture. In recent years, it has been involved in a lot of new ventures and mergers and acquisitions with different industries to expand its operation. One of its new product is the Android operating system offered for free to smartphone manufacturers to compete with the Apple iphone’s iOS system. Google has also been trying to produce and release its own smart phones but hasn’t met much success. In addition, it is facing the risk of many lawsuits relating to pattern with Apple. So in smart and bold move, Google has decided to acquire phone maker Motorola Mobility and completed this deal in May 2012 for a whopping $12.5 billion which makes it the largest Google acquisition ever! This will definitely push it deeper into the fast growing cell phones industry. Motorola Mobility used to be a strong player in the cell phone industry but in recent years, it has struggled and suffered constantly. As its line of smartphones has waned in popularity, Motorola Mobility has suffered losses totaling $1.7 billion during the past three years while Google has earned a total of $25 billion over the same stretch. The acquisition is largely a defensive one from Google’s perspective. Google needs Motorola’s trove of 17,000 cellphone patents (plus an extra 7.500 that are awaiting approval) to defend Android phones against lawsuits by Apple, which accuses them of copying iPhone features. It’s now playing in Apple territory. Buying Motorola gives Google the ability to control both hardware and software, by making its own integrated smartphones and other devices. Under the term of the acquisition, Google will acquired all outstanding common shares of Motorola for $40 per share and transaction costs were $50 million. Out of the 12.4 billion total purchase price, goodwill takes up to $2.6 billion, patterns takes up to $5.5 billion with only $670 million to other net assets. Although it initially was drawn to Motorola Mobility for its patents, Google has been signaling recently that it has been drawing up more ambitious plans for Motorola Mobility. Besides producing smartphones and tablet computers, Motorola Mobility also makes cable-TV boxes that could provide Google with a springboard for delivering more of its services, including advertising, to living rooms. References Goldman , David. â€Å"Google seals $13 billion Motorola buy.† 22 2012: n. page. Print. . â€Å"Google completes $12.5B acquisition of phone maker Motorola Mobility after China clears deal .† 22 2012: n. page. Web. 25 Oct. 2012. . Finnegan, Jim. â€Å"Global mergers and acquisitions activity continues to rise.† 24 2011: n. page. Web. 25 Oct. 2012. .

The Consequences of Removing Dams and Changing River Flow in the Essay

The Consequences of Removing Dams and Changing River Flow in the Columbia River in Washington & Oregon - Essay Example This crisis poses wholesale environmental, economic and social consequences; hence, this survey examines some of the major consequences of removing the dams and changing the Columbia River flow and describing the impact upon salmon numbers. The debate over the controversial topic of dam removal in order to safeguard the salmon against extinction rages among environmentalists, scientists, politicians, fishing families, river-based entrepreneurs, etcetera. The Army Corps of Engineer's report, according to Richard Davis, identifies "three critical industries [that] would suffer closing or relocations if the dams were to be removed. Primarily aluminum manufacturing would be hit by higher electricity rates. Wood products producers would incur higher costs to ship logs, wood chips, pulp paper and lumber. [Likewise], food processors would be damaged by the loss of crops grown on lands irrigated from the lower Snake River" (awb.org/). "The U.S. "The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers has estimated that breaching the dams would increase electricity bills for Northwest ratepayers by $300 million, add $40 million to transportation costs, eliminate 37,000 acres of prime irrigated farmland, wipe out 2,300 jobs, and cut personal income by $278 million a year." (qtd in Brunell awb.org/cgi-bin/absolutenm/templates/a=1201&z=10) However, Dan Hansen noted that the U.S. Army Corps' extensive report provides no recommendations to resolve the environmental crisis the Pacific northwest faces (bluefish.org/offersno.htm). In contrast, however, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Services was quite resolute in its response to the situation; it has claimed that deciding on a course of action should be very easy indeed because "for native fish and wildlife, a free-flowing river is better than a dammed river" (bluefish.org/offersno.htm). Apparently, according to Hansen also, some scientists believe that the best method of protecting the endangered fish populations lies in breaching the dams. The impact of dismantling the dams, however, would entail life-altering repercussions on the surroundings and human populations. For example, the annual economic costs would be pegged at $246 million owing to losses in electricity production (bluefish.org/offersno.htm). Sealing off the interlocking dam mechanisms with their attendant closure of the federal waterways would most likely result in the demise of Lewiston, Idaho, for example, as a "seaport." Should a dam breach be effected Lewiston, Idaho, would no longer be the harbor providing navigational facilities for ocean-going ships. Furthermore, because the locking mechanisms of Snake River dams facilitate barge freight from Lewiston, Idaho to the Pacific Ocean, commodities presently being shipped by barges would have to be re-routed to trucks or railways. Another ramification would engender the federal government having to invest billions into new highways, state roads and railway lines if the dams are disrupted (Brunell). Along this argument, Richard Davis also announced that the economic consequences of removing the dams "would fall heavily on rural Eastern Washington and the Columbia